As Ethereum nodes grapple with the burgeoning demand for space on the ledger, you find yourself cornered by soaring gas fees and protracted transaction times. You've heard of Layer 2 solutions, promising respite, but amidst the tech jargon, two contenders emerge: Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups. Are you aware that while Optimistic Rollups have a waiting period for fraud proof resolution that can extend to weeks1, ZK-Rollups offer the allure of immediate transaction finality1? But, what exactly lies beneath these two powerful blockchain network tools, and how do they prop up Ethereum scalability?
Key Takeaways
- Optimistic and ZK-Rollups are Layer 2 solutions designed to enhance Ethereum scalability by increasing transaction speed and reducing fees.
- Optimistic Rollups rely on fraud proofs and may introduce delays in asset withdrawal, while ZK-Rollups boast near-instant validations and increased privacy
- Transaction fees on Ethereum-based rollups are significantly lower than those on the mainnet, presenting an economic advantage for users
- Despite the benefits, both rollups present unique risks, such as potential smart contract bugs and centralized control over transaction sequencing
- Decentralized rollup governance and community-driven initiatives like those seen with Optimism are shaping the future of these technologies
Understanding blockchain scalability issues
The journey of Ethereum since its inception has been nothing short of revolutionary, but it has also been marked by considerable scalability challenges. The first hints of this conundrum surfaced back in 2015 when the network's inability to scale linearly led to blockchain congestion and spiking transaction fees during periods of high demand4. For businesses and industries banking on the promise of blockchain for high transaction volumes, this has proved problematic, to the extent that it has rendered Ethereum less practical for their needs.
The challenge of scaling Ethereum
At its core, the Ethereum network—like many Layer 1 networks—was designed to prioritize decentralization and security, yet this has inadvertently introduced a bottleneck in processing capacity5. Transactions on the mainnet are processed consecutively, not concurrently, which constrains throughput and leads to a frustrating experience for users when activity escalates. This has been a catalyzing force for the development of high-quality rollups, especially optimistic rollups and zk-rollups, which emerged as potential countermeasures by offloading significant computational tasks from the congested Ethereum mainnet4. These measures have been critical in amplifying scalability while maintaining the very decentralization that makes Ethereum so valuable.
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The implications of scalability challenges are far-reaching, especially when it comes to transaction speeds and fees—a potent duo that can make or break a user's blockchain experience. Rollup technologies have decisively mitigated these issues by offering significant gas cost reductions and shrinking transaction data size, which is particularly notable in ZK-rollups where ERC20 token approvals cost drastically less gas compared to the Ethereum base layer, and a standard ETH transfer in rollups requires significantly fewer bytes6. A mature rollup-centric roadmap that was fully crystallized in 2020 indicates the lengths to which the Ethereum community is willing to go to address these challenges4. The Layer 1 network is essentially buttressed by Layer 2 solutions, enhancing throughput—an essential measure of blockchain's ability to handle mass scale use without flinching at high traffic volumes or escalating costs5.
Introducing rollups: A layer 2 solution
Layer 2 scaling solutions like rollups are gaining significant ground by offering indispensable enhancements to underlying blockchain networks. Recognizing the importance of transaction throughput for the mainnet's efficiency, rollups stand out as a transformative technology that redefines what we can expect from blockchain systems.
The concept of bundling transactions
Imagine a scenario where every purchase you make at a store had to be individually verified and processed; the inefficiency is evident. Rollups take a similar approach to revolutionizing blockchain transactions with the concept of transaction bundling. This method involves grouping a multitude of transactions into a single package, which is then processed as a collective unit off-chain, drastically reducing on-chain workload and enhancing the overall operational fluidity of the mainnet7. Using technologies like zk-Snarks in projects such as Zcash, rollups facilitate anonymous and private transactions, thus not only improving scalability but also preserving privacy7.
How rollups improve transaction throughput
At the heart of rollups lies their capacity for increased throughput, a vital aspect for mainstream blockchain adoption. By merging numerous transactions into one proof, customizable rollups offer a straightforward yet effective solution, compressing the data that needs to be handled directly by the mainnet. This results in a less cluttered network with a higher per-second transaction rate, as illustrated by the Validium implementation on the Syscoin network, capable of handling up to four million transactions per second7. Furthermore, innovations like Syscoin's Proof-of-Data Availability (PoDA) point towards an even more decentralized and effective ecosystem when they are eventually integrated with mainnet rollups7.
In drawing from real-world applications, it's clear that the adoption of rollups is on an upward trajectory, propelled by their compelling capabilities to mitigate scalability ceilings that have long encumbered Web3 development7. Arm yourself with the understanding of these advanced protocols, and you position yourself at the forefront of the next wave of technological innovation in the crypto industry.
What are Optimistic Rollups?
These are a species of Layer 2 protocols that offer an innovative system to offload the Ethereum network's computational demands. By writing transactions to Ethereum as calldata, Optimistic Rollups provide a significant reduction in gas costs, making transactions on blockchain more affordable, with costs ranging from $0.01 to $0.128. These protocols can amplify Ethereum's transaction capacity by a remarkable 10-100x, showcasing their potential for blockchain scaling8. However, this method isn't just about scaling efficiency—it’s equally about trust and security.
Transaction validation in Optimistic Rollups doesn't occur immediately. Instead, they operate on a system of assumptions where transactions are presumed to be valid—hence the name 'optimistic'. Enterprises such as Godwoken on Nervos use a custom Optimistic Rollup solution to streamline their transaction validation process, with a dispute resolution period of approximately seven days2. This reliance on fraud proofs, requires validators to stay observant, challenging suspicious transactions within a period designed to catch any fraudulent activity. Validators have to provide a bond securing their honesty and facilitating a cryptoeconomic incentive for maintaining integrity8.
Yet, while these rollups are often branded for their cost-effectiveness, they do introduce a delay in asset withdrawals which can last from several days up to two weeks due to the dispute resolution timeframe essential for the necessary fraud proofs2. Unlike their ZK counterparts, which allow for instant asset withdrawals due to pre-validated transactions, Optimistic Rollups' security model requires a waiting period for disputes to be settled8. On the contrary, this patience in the face of potential delay is rewarded with Optimistic Rollups' other strengths, such as their inherent ability to reduce the risk of malicious activity by knitting closely with Ethereum's data availability, hence providing a robust base layer for their operation8.
In consideration of the holistic blockchain ecosystem, branded rollups like Optimistic Rollups serve as a testament to the relentless search for balance between transaction speed, security, and cost efficiency. They stand out not just as a crucial cog in the machine for blockchain scaling but also as a testament to the potential of Layer 2 solutions in fostering a more scalable, secure, and user-centric blockchain experience.
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Understanding the underpinning trust model and fraud-proof mechanisms is crucial for enthusiasts like you who are navigating the complexities of blockchain technologies. Optimistic rollups are distinguished by their trust-based framework, emphasizing a fraud-proof mechanism that is interwoven with the roles of network validators and hinges on comprehensive data validation processes.
Fraud proofs explained
An integral part of the optimistic rollup chain, fraud proofs serve as the guardrails that maintain the integrity of the system. These proofs act as a retractable banner, boldly signaling the need for verification only when a discrepancy is asserted, therefore relying on the 1-of-n trust model which stipulates that maintaining just one honest node can assure off-chain computation validity9. Validators, in this scenario, wear two hats – if a transaction is contested, they are responsible for providing validation as well as a counter-proof if fraud is detected. The optimistic rollup trust model operates on the assumption of truthfulness but is ready to be challenged, pulling back the retractable banner to scrutinize the data if necessary.
Network participant roles and data validation process
Network validators are vital cogs in the optimistic rollup's machinery, ensuring that transactions are processed credibly. Drawing a parallel with an optimistic rollup chain forms a versatile, fraud-proof backdrop. Just as these retractable banners can adapt to different venues or messages, network validators must be proficient in handling various aspects of data validation, ready to adjust their scrutiny based on the need to either affirm or dispute transaction legitimacy. This cooperative dynamic among network participants enhances the validation process, solidifying the trust model that serves as a bedrock for the entire system.
While the dispute period in optimistic rollups embodies the cautious nature of its fraud-proof mechanism, it naturally leads to a longer waiting time for fund withdrawals, which can span up to seven days9. This waiting period is a testament to the careful balance that these rollups maintain between swift transaction processing and robust security measures, such as enabling funds withdrawal during network malfunctions9. Reflecting on the aforementioned complexities, it's evident that the data validation process is just as paramount as the transparency of the rollups themselves, akin to how one views the clear messaging on retractable banners at a bustling convention.
Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK-Rollups) Explained
These scalable frameworks enable a new wave of efficiency and security, incorporating cryptographic proofs within blockchain transactions to ensure data integrity without compromising on confidentiality. The essence of ZK-Rollups resides in their unique ability to process large volumes of transactions swiftly, significantly reducing the strain on Ethereum's Mainnet10.
Currently, there are at least 11 active ZK-Rollups implementations, each working towards making blockchain interactions more seamless and pocket-friendly6. Pioneers like zkSync, dYdX, and Starknet are at the forefront, facilitating a total value locked (TVL) that impressively exceeds $1 billion6. By compressing transaction data — a standard ETH transfer is whittled down from 110 bytes to a mere 12 bytes — these innovative rollups demonstrate an ability to dramatically reduce gas costs, with the ERC20 token approval requiring less than 300 gas, compared to 45,000 gas on the base layer6.
Furthermore, ZK-Rollups prioritize privacy in blockchain scenarios, demanding only 40 bytes per transaction6. This level of efficiency not only preserves user anonymity, but drastically minimizes operation fees. And while the batch processing of ZK-Rollups is higher in gas cost when verifying zk-SNARKs, requiring 500,000 gas, the advantages they provide are substantial, notably including the provision for instantaneous withdrawals6. This contrasts sharply with optimistic rollups, which necessitate a waiting period for dispute resolution before permiting withdrawals.
Despite their lower TVL when compared to optimistic rollups — over $1.3 billion versus the latter's $10 billion — platforms like zkSync Era and Starknet underscore the potential of ZK-Rollups with impressive statistics: processing around 10 million monthly transactions and securing over $100 million in TVL6. These advanced rollups exhibit benefits, such as 10x transaction data compression and security guarantees for asset withdrawal to Layer 1, which reinforce the blockchain's capacity to handle transactions efficiently and confidentially6.
Yet, certain technical intricacies accompany these benefits. Zero-Knowledge Rollups incur a computational overhead, making them less suitable for general-purpose computations, with lower Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatibility6. The complexity of ZK-proofs and the associated costs of SNARK-proving and on-chain data availability are challenges that developers continue to navigate as they refine this potent blockchain tool6.
From a broader perspective, portable rollups can rapidly process thousands of transactions in a single batch, a feat that exceptionally enhances throughput on the Ethereum blockchain10. The use of compression techniques, including the representation of accounts with indexes, contributes to the conservation of data, essentially achieving a reduction of about 28 bytes for each transaction10. Ethereum's role as a settlement layer and the Merkle tree-based state representation serve as foundational elements that sustain the streamlined and secure environment fostered by ZK-Rollups10.
The technological foundation of ZK-Rollups
As the bedrock of ZK-Rollups, zero-knowledge proofs have revolutionized how transaction privacy and security features are implemented on blockchain platforms. These cryptographic methods, first conceptualized in a 1985 MIT paper11, have evolved to become integral to maintaining transaction integrity without disclosing sensitive details. Just as advertising banners entice without revealing all their secrets, zero-knowledge proofs ensure that no knowledge of the actual transaction content is required to verify its validity11.
An overview of zero-knowledge proofs
The essence of zero-knowledge proofs lies in their three fundamental characteristics: completeness, soundness, and zero-knowledge11. They are categorized into interactive and non-interactive forms, with each serving distinct functions across various applications11. Recent computational advancements have bolstered the feasibility of these proofs, with more efficient processors and the expansion of cloud computing propelling their adoption across diverse fields such as decentralized identity frameworks, voting systems, and AI machine learning applications11.
Privacy and security features in ZK-Rollups
ZK-Rollups offer unmatched transaction privacy, a trait not just desirable but essential in an era where data confidentiality is paramount. Their security features set a high bar, making the creation of false proofs exceedingly difficult, if not practically impossible. This robustness resolves the challenging security/complexity dilemma pivotal in blockchain technologies, particularly for small connected devices like robots and satellites that require security without the encumbrance of scalability issues12. Thus, ZK-Rollups emerge as a promising solution, allowing for the practical use of blockchains within the ambit of the Internet of Everything (IoE) without a trade-off in security12.
The real-world implications are evident: platforms such as Arbitrum and DyDx, using Optimistic and ZK-Rollup protocols respectively, have not only significantly lower transaction costs than transactions on Ethereum layer 1 but also achieved impressive total value locked, with the latter opting for Starkware’s ZK technology to enhance decentralization and user experience13. Moreover, the pivot of large liquidity providers and developers towards rollup solutions is a definite signal of their role in shaping the future within the Ethereum ecosystem13.
Rollups: Evaluating Optimistic and ZK variants
As we delve into the landscape of blockchain scalability, evaluating rollups demands our attention for their notable distinctions in improving user experience and transactional fluidity. A deeper look reveals the nuances that set apart validation methods, directly impacting withdrawal times and application throughputs.
Comparing validation methods
On one hand, Optimistic Roll-Ups expedite transaction confirmation times, boasting reduced fees that mirror the cost-efficiency of promotional banners14. Conversely, the security in Zero-Knowledge Roll-Ups is likened to adding an extra layer of armor, enhancing the users' trust in Web3 projects14. Moreover, Zero-Knowledge Roll-Ups, touted as superior to their optimistic counterparts, are metaphorically described as a gold-plated AK-47 in comparison, solidifying their robustness in validation methodology15.
Withdrawal times and user experience
The divergence in user experience is most acutely observed in withdrawal times - a critical pain point for users. While Optimistic Roll-Ups may entail a waiting game, akin to an eager audience anticipating a grand reveal behind promotional banners, Zero-Knowledge Roll-Ups facilitate near-instantaneous withdrawals, markedly reducing wait periods and enhancing the overall experience14. This resonates with users' need for speed and efficiency, as the swift withdrawal times lay a promising foundation for maintaining the momentum in the ever-evolving realm of decentralized applications.
The advantages and limitations of Optimistic Rollups
When you're evaluating blockchain technologies for cost efficiency and performance, Optimistic Rollups present a unique value proposition. Much like trade show displays that draw attention without breaking the bank, Optimistic Rollups offer scalability improvements of up to 10-100x compared to the Ethereum base layer, dramatically enhancing throughput and reducing congestion on the network8. They achieve this efficiency by bundling multiple off-chain transactions into large batches, which consolidates the data required for on-chain verification and subsequently reduces gas costs for users8.
Pros and cons in terms of cost and complexity
The appeal of Optimistic Rollups comes from their straightforward design, which skips elaborate cryptographic proofs in favor of a simpler fraud-proof mechanism. This simplicity translates not only to reduced complexity but also to cost efficiency, an advantage analogous to economical trade show displays that maximize impact while remaining budget-friendly8. However, the simplicity of the trust model, which requires validators to post bonds and risk financial penalties for dishonest behavior, brings with it limitation considerations8. Validators must be vigilant against potential fraud, as Ethereum guarantees the correctness of the optimistic rollups' off-chain computation through data availability required for constructing fraud proofs8.
Impact on withdrawal delays
One cannot discuss optimistic rollup benefits without acknowledging the withdrawal impact of such technology. Unlike layer 1 transactions, rollup transactions achieve finality on Ethereum's base layer, creating a dependency that can introduce delays8. As such, users need to be aware that withdrawing assets from an optimistic rollup entails a waiting period while fraud proofs are validated, which can be off-putting for those requiring immediate access to their funds89. On the other hand, these delays enforce a level of security and integrity within the system, inducing validators to act honestly due to cryptoeconomic incentives and risk of slashing8.
In essence, your choice to adopt Optimistic Rollups hinges on weighing the optimistic rollup benefits, like cost efficiency and scalability, against limitation considerations such as complexity and the withdrawal impact on user experience. It's a balance between the allure of an affordable, effective scaling solution and the patience required during withdrawal periods, impacting capital mobility and overall satisfaction.
ZK-Rollups: Advantages over optimistic rollups?
As users seek more efficient transactions on Ethereum, the role of ZK-Rollups stands out, offering substantial ZK-Rollups advantages in the quest for blockchain efficiency. Unlike on Layer 1 where transaction fees can soar, fees on Ethereum-based ZK-rollups stay remarkably low, around $0.01 to $0.1, making them a cost-effective alternative2. Besides the impact on your wallet, considering transaction finality is crucial; here, ZK-rollups provide a leap forward by enabling immediate withdrawals, eliminating the protracted withdrawal times inherent to Optimistic rollups that can span across several days up to two weeks216.
When pondering the security in validation, ZK-rollups use cryptographic proofs that not only streamline processes but significantly enhance security3. Although generating these zero-knowledge proofs necessitates more powerful hardware, thereby increasing network costs16, the trade-off can be justified by their impenetrable validation method and the absence of a dispute period. In the grand scheme, the robust security of ZK-rollups, reinforced by advanced cryptography, often makes them a preferred solution, despite Optimistic rollups being marginally more favored for their cost-effectiveness2.
As the blockchain ecosystem evolves, ZK-rollups and Optimistic rollups each continue to carve their niches. For developers, Optimistic rollups are touted for their programming efficiency and flexibility in data compression, which dovetails with their EVM compatibility, allowing for a simpler development process for decentralized apps (DApps)16. However, innovations like zkEVMs are setting the stage for ZK-rollups to offer comparable benefits, bringing them up to speed with Ethereum's mainnet functionality3. It's this intersection of technology and practicality where ZK-rollups demonstrate why they are more than just a speculative novelty—they're a conduit to a frictionless blockchain experience.
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As you delve into the evolving world of blockchain technology, the emergence of rollups offers compelling opportunities for both developers and users. The future of rollups, characterized by their ability to enhance transactional efficiency and reduce associated costs, is forging new pathways for DeFi applications and gaming integration. These innovations are not just theoretical; they are practical implementations reshaping the way we interact with high-throughput networks and expand blockchain applications.
Use cases in defi and gaming
Looking specifically at the DeFi sector, Optimistic Rollups bring forth the advantage of cost savings and simplicity by offering quicker and cheaper transactions compared to the mainnet, thereby reducing Ethereum's transaction fees3. The gaming industry, riding on the wave of DeFi's immersive and complex ecosystems, can leverage high-throughput networks facilitated by ZK-rollups, which aim for seamless operational flow without compromising security or scalability3. The integration of gaming platforms with DeFi protocols, which could enable innovative gameplay mechanics and tokenized rewards, is an exciting prospect that's being made possible by these rollup technologies.
Future Outlook for various rollup-based applications
As we look to the horizon, ZK-rollups are setting the stage for the first zkEVMs, which promise to align closely with Ethereum's mainnet, potentially revolutionizing smart contract functionality and trust3. Moreover, the commitment to community governance displayed by networks such as Optimism showcases a trend towards more decentralized and user-centric platforms3. These trends indicate a robust trajectory for the integration of rollups across a myriad of blockchain applications, affirming the significance of their role in the blockchain's future. With careful navigation of the risks, such as potential bugs in smart contracts and the challenge of centralization, rollups are poised to become a mainstay in our digital infrastructure3.
Conclusion
As you've navigated through the intricacies of Ethereum Layer 2 solutions, the rollups distinction has been a recurrent theme, elucidating the pivotal role these technologies play in blockchain development. Optimistic vs. ZK-Rollups elucidate two diverging paths within the same goal - enhancing Ethereum's scalability and efficiency. On one hand, Optimistic Rollups operate on a model of assumed trust with delayed transaction finality due to the requisite fraud challenge period, a characteristic that bears a one-week latency in its current form17. Conversely, ZK-Rollups facilitate an environment where transaction validity is accompanied by cryptographic proofs, offering users improved immediacy with no notable delay in finality once proofs are submitted17.
Furthermore, the evolution of blockchain networks is also reflected in the specific advantages provided by these rollup solutions. ZK-Rollups are lauded for their efficiency in managing batches of transactions off-chain by leveraging Merkle trees and updating the Layer 1 state with validity proofs17. Platforms such as Polygon Hermez and zkSync are amongst the front-runners utilizing this approach. Conversely, technologies like Arbitrum and Optimism lead the front for Optimistic Rollups, prioritizing off-chain computation while relying heavily on a network's ability to contest any fraudulent activity17. While ZK-Rollups may encounter difficulties with data availability and EVM compatibility, Optimistic Rollups grapple with the inherent risks a malicious operator poses if the network lacks diligent nodes17.
The dialogue surrounding rollups isn't merely a debate between competing technologies but a broader discussion on the futureproofing of Ethereum as a Layer 2 solution poised to address a world demanding rapid and secure transactions. As each rollup type offers distinct features tailored to specific blockchain applications, your understanding of their trade-offs in security, cost, and privacy will inform your decision-making in this expanding ecosystem. Moving forward, the pace at which rollup technology innovates will significantly dictate the direction of Ethereum Layer 2 evolution, ensuring a promising horizon for decentralized platforms17.
FAQ
What is the difference between Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups?
The primary difference lies in their approach to transaction validation and handling of fraud. Optimistic Rollups assume transactions are valid and use fraud proofs, which require a challenge period to verify disputed transactions. ZK-Rollups use zero-knowledge proofs for immediate validation without revealing transaction details, offering enhanced privacy and immediate finality. The choice between the two depends on the specific needs for scalability, security, and efficiency within blockchain networks.
What are the main challenges when scaling Ethereum?
Ethereum's main scalability challenges include network congestion, leading to slower transaction times and increased fees. As a Layer 1 network, Ethereum can only process a limited number of transactions linearly, causing a bottleneck during peak usage times which is efficient for neither users nor developers seeking to build responsive applications.
How do rollups improve Ethereum's transaction throughput?
Rollups improve Ethereum's transaction throughput by bundling or 'rolling up' multiple transactions into a single batch and processing them off-chain. This reduces the data required on-chain because only one proof of the bundled transactions needs to be validated on the Ethereum mainnet, thus increasing throughput and reducing transaction fees.
What are Optimistic Rollups and how do they work?
Optimistic Rollups are a type of Layer 2 scaling solution that assume transaction validity by default and handle potential fraud through a system of fraud proofs. They process transactions off-chain and submit them to the mainnet as a single proof. If a transaction is disputed, a fraud proof is used to resolve the challenge before the transaction can be finalized.
Can you explain the fraud-proof mechanism in Optimistic Rollups?
Fraud proofs in Optimistic Rollups serve as a security measure by allowing network participants to challenge transactions that they believe to be fraudulent. If a challenge occurs, the transaction is paused until a validator can provide a fraud proof to confirm whether it is valid or not. This mechanism relies on the vigilance of network participants to maintain integrity.
What are ZK-Rollups, and what makes them unique?
ZK-Rollups, or Zero-Knowledge Rollups, are a Layer 2 scaling technology that utilize zero-knowledge proofs to validate transactions. Their uniqueness stems from their ability to confirm transaction validity without publicly revealing any transaction details on the network. They provide additional privacy, faster transaction finality, and increased security due to the cryptographic nature of the zero-knowledge proofs.
How do the privacy and security features of ZK-Rollups benefit users?
The privacy and security features of ZK-Rollups benefit users by providing transaction confidentiality and immediate finality without the need for a lengthy challenge period. The cryptographic methods employed ensure that information is verified without being exposed, offering a layer of protection against fraud and preserving user privacy.
When comparing Optimistic and ZK-Rollups, what are the key factors to consider?
Key factors to consider include the method of validation, cost-effectiveness, privacy, security, and the implications these have on the user experience, such as the speed of transaction finality and the length of withdrawal times. Each type of rollup has its own advantages and trade-offs, catering to different blockchain use cases and priorities.
What are the limitations of Optimistic Rollups compared to ZK-Rollups?
Optimistic Rollups have longer withdrawal times due to the fraud proof dispute period, which can introduce delays in finalizing transactions and moving funds. While they are generally more cost-effective due to their simpler validation method, this can become a limitation for applications that require immediate transaction finality or for users who prioritize quick access to their assets.
Why might ZK-Rollups be considered superior to Optimistic Rollups?
ZK-Rollups may be considered superior due to their immediate transaction finality, robust validation security, and enhanced privacy features. They are not subject to the same delays as Optimistic Rollups because they do not require fraud proof dispute periods. For applications demanding a high level of security and efficiency, ZK-Rollups offer substantial advantages.
What are potential applications for both Optimistic and ZK-Rollups?
Both types of rollups serve important roles in various blockchain applications. Optimistic Rollups are suited for DeFi applications and other scenarios where cost-efficiency is a major consideration. ZK-Rollups, with their ability to process transactions quickly and privately, are well-suited for applications that involve secure transfers, such as identity verification and financial exchanges. As the technology develops, we can expect to see these rollups tailored to an even wider array of blockchain use cases.
Source links
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